Mercantilism: The Only Type Of Capitolisim That Must Be Done Away With

mercantilism (mûr`kəntĭlĭzəm), economic system of the major trading nations during the 16th, 17th, and 18th cent., based on the premise that national wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return. It superseded the medieval feudal organization in Western Europe, especially in Holland, France, and England. The period 1500–1800 was one of religious and commercial wars, and large revenues were needed to maintain armies and pay the growing costs of civil government. Mercantilist nations were impressed by the fact that the precious metals, especially gold, were in universal demand as the ready means of obtaining other commodities; hence they tended to identify money with wealth. As the best means of acquiring bullion, foreign trade was favored above domestic trade, and manufacturing or processing, which provided the goods for foreign trade, was favored at the expense of the extractive industries (e.g., agriculture). State action, an essential feature of the mercantile system, was used to accomplish its purposes. Under a mercantilist policy a nation sought to sell more than it bought so as to accumulate bullion. Besides bullion, raw materials for domestic manufacturers were also sought, and duties were levied on the importation of such goods in order to provide revenue for the government. The state exercised much control over economic life, chiefly through corporations and trading companies. Production was carefully regulated with the object of securing goods of high quality and low cost, thus enabling the nation to hold its place in foreign markets. Treaties were made to obtain exclusive trading privileges, and the commerce of colonies was exploited for the benefit of the mother country. In England mercantilist policies were effective in creating a skilled industrial population and a large shipping industry. Through a series of Navigation Acts England finally destroyed the commerce of Holland, its chief rival. As the classical economists were later to point out, however, even a successful mercantilist policy was not likely to be beneficial, because it produced an oversupply of money and, with it, serious inflation. Mercantilist ideas did not decline until the coming of the Industrial Revolution and of laissez-faire. Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, and Oliver Cromwell conformed their policies to mercantilism. In France its chief exponent was Jean Baptiste Colbert.

What is in a Solar Cell: Silica and Carbon

Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, including: calculators and other small devices; telecommunications; rooftop panels on individual houses; and for lighting, pumping, and medical refrigeration for villages in developing countries. Solar cells in the form of large arrays are used to power satellites and, in rare cases, to provide electricity for power plants.

When research into electricity began and simple batteries were being made and studied, research into solar electricity followed amazingly quickly. As early as 1839, Antoine-Cesar Becquerel exposed a chemical battery to the sun to see it produce voltage. This first conversion of sunlight to electricity was one percent efficient. That is, one percent of the incoming sunlight was converted into electricity. Willoughby Smith in 1873 discovered that selenium was sensitive to light; in 1877 Adams and Day noted that selenium, when exposed to light, produced an electrical current. Charles Fritts, in the 1880s, also used gold-coated selenium to make the first solar cell, again only one percent efficient. Nevertheless, Fritts considered his cells to be revolutionary. He envisioned free solar energy to be a means of decentralization, predicting that solar cells would replace power plants with individually powered residences.

With Albert Einstein's explanation in 1905 of the photoelectric effect—metal absorbs energy from light and will retain that energy until too much light hits it—hope soared anew that solar electricity at higher efficiencies would become feasible. Little progress was made, however, until research into diodes and transistors yielded the knowledge necessary for Bell scientists Gordon Pearson, Darryl Chapin, and Cal Fuller to produce a silicon solar cell of four percent efficiency in 1954.



Read more: How solar cell is made - material, manufacture, making, used, parts, structure, procedure, steps, industry, Raw Materials, The Manufacturing Process of solar cell

The Handbook Of Human Ownership

Watch this informative 2 hour video on human ownership

Brain Fluid Scatter Laser to Disorientate Public Speakers

A general theory is presented which describes stimulated scattering, in a liquid medium, in terms of the refractive index modulation induced in the medium by the strong electric fields of the laser and scattered beams. It is shown that this modulation also results in the Bragg reflexion of low-power light of other frequencies incident on the scattering region. Results are presented which indicate that this Bragg reflexion affords a convenient technique for the comprehensive investigation of the modulation. -The Royal Society

Caution’s Wind from "The Killer Inside" by Robert Gray Gallagher

A level plane
Shall guide me to a joyous self
Imbalance breeds confusion
As chaos becomes my guide to nowhere
Seeking the validation of conflicted minds
Shall only make my own more confused
The resistance greeting a stream
Are the elements it shall one day become
Nothing always remains the same
Nothing stands in the way of will unaligned with belief
This is where the river meets the ocean
This is where I stop and my spirit begins
Wisdom remains elusive to those who mistake fear for love
Waiting for the right moment
Means following fear into oblivion

I tell myself things
Because I believe I am nothing
I am not the innocent yet innocent I am
I am not the destroyer But I harbor destruction inside a mind
Its a dream designed by fear and guarded by beliefs
This brings me much sadness
Sadness is a state of unreciprocated love
Life force loves me as best it can
within this world I trap myself inside of
My kingdom I have built is missing love
My kingdom keeps me locked inside my mind
The true kingdom is love and nothing more
More is not needed with love’s creation
Because it is already everything
My kingdom invites me to entertain in its madness
How long will I support this creation despite all I see?
Do I doubt that what I see is real?
Do I only question the truth to be a lie?
I have lived a lie since the day I was born.
There is nothing more dangerous that a liar
Who believes his deceptions of self
And builds his life upon them as if they were truth.
Only I can see what I chose to see
Only I can think what I chose to think
But how do my choices make me feel?
If I could do things differently would I even dare?
To find is simply to “be” I cannot seek what I already am.
I can't see myself this reality I create
I wake up to a world fighting its own nature?
I try to fit inside
A world I was never supposed to endure
A world unworthy of my support
A world guided by fear
A guide so hard to follow
Trust is impossible
Without love within
If I Could find a way to “be” Would all need perish?
Lack of love has no remedy other than love

Until then The emperor shall remain his throne
An invisable tyrant I have chosen to lead me
I'll obey him out of fear but will never love him
love is not what he wants
He only wants to feel important
because he knews he is not
He only tries to feel special
because he knows he is not
I have unknowingly given my power
To this beast of figmentation
Sitting upon a throne that I had afforded him
I've relinquished all responsibility
Into the arms of a madman
I tell myself lies
While attempting to convince myself I am not a liar
I live to serve a master who doesn't exist
Look at the world my master has built without my permission
Welcome to my empire of nothing.

What Are Your Defining Moments? Are they supporting cause or effect?

There are many defining moments in ones life. The conditions of our defining moments greatly determine our potential for development. As someone who has experienced many moments I ask you to consider those you have chose to define yourself with . Do you define yourself through a process of eliminating all possibilities for pain as well as bliss? Do the conditions you put on your ability and willingness limit the range of your movement? Are there things you believe you could never do? Are there secrets you believe only yourself to keep? Do you believe your wounds are too deep to ever recover from? Do you know that these are conditions that limit your ability to express life force?

The mind, in its present design has a limited range of functions. It's liability lies in its propensity to support and seek validation for a complex structure of beliefs born out of repetitive conditioning. It is our reaction to to this conditioning that must change before we change the condition itself. We are vehicles of life force expression that may be fragile but we are far from broken. Will be made aware of the moment we have become beyond repair. Although still capable, it is our belief that we are broken that keeps many of us in “total effect” or death yet fully manifested but beyond possible intervention.